Three sides of Scotland are washed by the seas so the country has moderate oceanic type of climate with high humidity. Weather is much colder than in the rest of Great Britain. Peak of precipitation intensity is at summer and autumn. Most of it falls in northern and mountainous regions. In coasts and southern regions there are frequent storms instead.
The UK is located right in the middle of the zone of moderate climate and its weather conditions are almost typical. The country is located on islands so unlike continental moderate climate weather in the UK is wet. This feature is apparent in frequent fogs which are integral feature of image of the country.
The high season in Andorra is certainly at winter. Whole country is considered as one big ski resort so from November to April Europeans are crowding it seeking for great skiing. Climate of the country is dry due to influence of the Mediterranean. Average temperature at winter is about 2 °C (36 °F) while at summer may reach 20 °C (68 °F).
Serbia is surrounded by seas yet has no coasts. Adriatic, Aegean and Black seas influence on climate of country. Features of relief such as mountains of northern portion of country affect weather conditions as well. Overall conditions are considered as a continental climate.
The climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina is moderately continental and characterized by a mildly warm summer and mildly cool winter, while the warmest part of the country is the south-western, where the climate is more like a subtropical Mediterranean.
There is a temperate continental climate in Liechtenstein. Some regions are characterized by Alpine climate zone, which is softened under the influence of humid and warm sea breezes.
There is moderately continental climate with cold winters and mild summers in Luxemburg. In the northern part of the country throughout the year is colder than in the south.
The territory of Macedonia is divided by mountains into two parts. That is why there are two types of climate in Macedonia: temperate in the north and subtropical on the south. Except the mountainous areas, it's hot there in summer both in the south and north parts of Macedonia. Winter weather differs much: it is cold and snowy in the north and it is soft and warm enough in the south.
The climate of this small and really wonderfull country is Mediterranean subtropical. It means there is a long, rather dry, hot and sunny summer, especially on the plains, and warm and rainy winter when cyclones often sweep over the territory of San Marino. The hottest month in San Marino is August.
Slovenia is located in the Alpine-Danube region of Central Europe. The north-west of the country is covered by the Alps (42% of the territory). Large rivers Sava, Drava and the right tributaries of the Danube pass. Slovenia has access to the sea in the west, this is the Mediterranean coast of the Adriatic Sea.
Relief variety along with influence of Adriatic Sea caused several types of climate condition within the borders of Montenegro. Adriatic coasts are locates in Mediterranean climate zone, north regions are differ by temperate continental weather condition. Mountainous regions consequently have mountain climate.
Malta is the southernmost country of Europe. It located in subtropical climatic zone in the middle of Mediterranean Sea. Climatic conditions are completely corresponding to location. Malta has long and hot summer with mild winter.
Minnesota is second northernmost located sate after Alaska. It is in Middle-West region and borders with Canada. The state has no coasts. Instead there are almost 12 000 lakes scattered over its territory. Central and southern parts of the state have plain relief. North-eastern third of the state is covered with forests. Western and north-western portions are prairie.
Vatican is the smallest independent state in the world. It consists of only one city of the same name which is by itself is located in the middle of Rome. Its area is only about 0.44 km2 (0.16 m2) and length of borders is 3.2 km (1.9 m). Population is 1000 people and only half of them have respective citizenship and almost all of them are part of the clergy of Roman Catholic Church.
Slovakia is mountainous country with huge difference of weather by a season. Climate of Slovakia mostly is typical for middle Europe. Summer, winter, fall and spring are expressed. Never the less, climate is different in various areas.
Hungary has advantageous location. It’s mostly plain territory is covered from piercing winds of Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas. All unpleasant climatic manifestations are cut off by Carpathian, Balkan Mountains and partly by Alps.
Antarctica is the continent on the South Pole. It the coldest place with biggest desert on Earth. Severity of its climate is caused by number of factors. First of them is altitude. Relief of the continent is amended with enormous layer of ice thus average altitude is higher than in other continents. However main reason of Antarctic cold is ice cover.
Climate of the Antarctic Peninsula is the mildest on the continent. Middle of summer (January) is the warmest time with averages of 1 to 2 °C (34-36 °C) and in June temperature drops to about -15…-20 °C (+5…-4 °F). Western coasts are warmest with 3 to 4 months with positive (above 32 °F) temperature and winter averages around -10 °C (14 °F). However in regions beyond 68th parallel of south latitude and in north-western coasts there are only 2 months with positive temperatures and winter average is -15 °C (5 °F). South-eastern part of the peninsula is coldest region.
(Photo: Carl Chun, water colour by F. Winter, 1903. Photo taken on the German Valdivia expedition)
Bouvet Island is the mere piece of rock in southern part of Atlantic Ocean. It is completely uninhabited and 93% of its 49 km2 (19 sq mi) is covered with massive glacier. The island lies within zone of maritime Antarctic climate. It is cloudy and foggy.
(The Marion Dufresne II)
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF) consist of several archipelagoes and islands in Indian Ocean. Most of TAAF’s territory is located within one region thus weather conditions of different islands are similar yet with number of differences. I.e. in Amsterdam and Saint Paul islands there is mild stable climate with annual range of temperatures between 11 and 18 °C (52-64 °C). Seasons are reversed and January is the warmest month while July is the coldest one.
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